. النقاط الهامة
*أصدر البنك العالمي تقريره حول تقييم الفقر في جزر القمر استنادا إلى تحليل آخر مجموعتي المسح الأسري.
*يكشف التقرير عن تراجع الفقر منذ عام 2014 سواء في المناطق الحضرية أو الريفية لكن مع استمرار انعدم المساواة في العديد من مؤشرات الرفاه.
*تؤكد الدراسة أهمية استغلال المزايا النسبية غير المستغلة بهدف إيجاد وظائف أكثر إنتاجية والحفاظ على التقدم مع الحد من عدم المساواة.
موروني 14 مايو 2018
سجل أرخبيل جزر القمر، الواقع في المحيط الهندي بين مدغشقر والقارة الأفريقية، انخفاضا في الفقر بمعدل 10 نقاط في المائة منذ عام 2014 حسب التقرير الأخير الذي نشره البنك الدولي حول تقييم الفقر في جزر القمر.
وتبين الدراسة انخفاض الفقر سواء في المناطق الحضرية أو الريفية ولكن مع انخفاض معدل الفقر بشكل أكبر في المناطق الحضرية، نستنبط منها ستة دروس أساسية:
ارتفاع معدل الفقر نسبيا على المستوى الوطني لكنه منخفض مقارنة بالدول الأفريقية جنوب الصحراء: ففي سنة 2014 كان 42% من السكان أي حوالي 316 ألف شخصا يعيشون تحت خط الفقر وذلك استنادا إلى تكلفة الاحتياجات الأساسية والتي ارتفعت إلى 25.341 فرنك قمري لكل مواطن في الشهر. ويعيش حوالي 23.5% من السكان في فقر امدقع، إلا أنه ومن خلال استخدام مؤشر الفقر العالمي 1.9 دولار للفرد الواحد في اليوم، فإن اثنين فقط من بين 10 قمريين يعتبران من الفقراء، وهذا مؤشر يضع جزر القمر أمام الدول الأخرى ذات الدخل المنخفض والدول الأفريقية الأخرى جنوب الصحراء مع تحقيق تقدم بـ 30 نقطة في المائة في المقدمة.
استمرار انتشار عدم المساوات : يتوزع الاستهلاك في جزر القمر بطريقة غير عادلة وتتضح الفوارق أكثر في المناطق الريفية وفي أنجوان أيضا ويرجع سبب عدم المساواة في الأساس، بين الأسر في الحضر وفي الأرياف لأن هذه الأخيرة تتلقى عوائد أقل على ممتلكاتهم، وتساهم خصائص الأسر الفقيرة بقوة في استمرار الفقر وعدم المساواة بين الأجيال. ويعزي خمس عدم المساواة الإجمالي في مستوى الاستهلاك إلى عدم تساوي الفرص المرتبطة بالظروف الملحوظة داخل الأسر القمرية.
هناك علامات إيجابية من حيث التنقل بين الأجيال في القوى العاملة: يختار الشباب والشابات أكثر فأكثر مجالات أكثر إنتاجية من التي عليها آبائهم وبالتالي تحسنت ظروف البيوت وتحسن دخل الأسر وذلك بفضل حصولهم خاصة على مستوى أفضل من التعليم وتوفر وسائل الاتصال والتنقل، وقد ساهمت عوائد اقتصادية عالية قادمة من الوظائف في قطاعي الصناعة والتجارة إلى الحد من الفقر.
لقد تحسنت ظروف المعيشة والفقر متعدد الأبعاد لكن كثيرا من الناس لا يزالون يفتقرون إلى الخدمات والسلع: شهدت الأسر ما بين عام 2004 و2014 تحسنا على مستوى ظروف السكن والحصول على أجهزة عصرية . وانخفضت نسبة السكان المحرومين في ثلث مؤشرات الرفاه مثل الاستهلاك، والحصول على السلع والخدمات الأساسية وظروف السكن من 85% سنة 2004 لتصل النسبة إلى 75 % عام 2014. وعلى الرغم من ذلك يظل الشعب يعاني من حرمان شديد في كثير من مؤشرات الرفاه لا سيما في المناطق الريفية، ومثل الوصول إلى الخدمات الأساسية يليها الاستهلاك من مؤشرات الرفاهية التي لا يزال الشعب محروما منها.
يبدو أن السياسات التنموية في جزر القمر ساهمت في تحسن ظروف الحياة والتنمية البشرية في البلاد فضلا عن الحد من الفقر : إن الاستراتيجية الوطنية الهادفة إلى تعزيز التعليم والإنفاق الاجتماعي على التعليم والصحة لم تؤد فقط إلى زيادة كبيرة في رأس المال البشري لكنها ساعدت أيضا في الحد من زيادة الفوارق الاجتماعية .
الدعم الأكثر أهمية المقدم من الجالية القمرية في المهجر عبر التحويلات المالية لعائلاتهم وللاقتصاد بشكل عام: يساهم هذا الدعم بلا شك في تحسين مستوى معيشة الأسر وفي الحد من الفقر. ويعد القمريون أحد أكبر جالية في فرنسا إذ تأتي جزر القمر من بين الدول الثلاث الرئيسية المستفيدة من التحويلات المالية في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء. وتمثل التحويلات المالية من الخارج 25% من الدخل القومي وتزيد عائدات تلك التحويلات على عائدات الصادرات. وقد زادت التحويلات بشكل ملحوظ في العشر سنوات الأخيرة سواء في قيمتها المطلقة أو فيما يتعلق بالناتج المحلي الإجمالي بيد أن استمرارية تلك الجهود تبقى غير مؤكدة.
ويقدم التقرير بعض النصائح المهمة لتسريع النمو الاقتصادي والحد من الفقر في جزر القمر، ومن بينها، الاستفادة من موارد جزر القمر واستغلال المزايا النسبية الكامنة في هدف خلق فرص عمل أكثر إنتاجا، وتعزيز التنوع والقدرة التنافسية والشكلية وتحسين الفرص لتحسين استغلال المكاسب من الهجرة والتحويلات.
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